Steve:So in the last audio, we were talking about executive functioning. Dr. Young, you've already discussed working memory. Could you tell some of our subscribers and listeners about any other executive functions?Clare:Yeah, of course. So just as a bit of a reminder, when we think about executive function, what we're talking about is a combination of skills that spans sensory, motor, communication and cognitive skills, that enables people to perform tasks and sort of going about their daily life with playing and socializing. And there are several sorts of components to what we would understand as an overall executive function. So we talked last time, about working memory. So what I wanted to talk about this time was a couple of other executive function skills around sort of impulse control, and emotional control, where a number of people with ADHD will describe difficulties with being able to what we call inhibit an impulse to act or say something.So what I mean by inhibit is stop yourself from doing something that your brain is almost kind of telling you to do, or urging you to do. So these are situations where you may be in a meeting, for example, and suddenly you have a great idea. And yet, other people in the meeting are talking. And what your brain is wanting to do is share that idea because it's so brilliant and what we may find with people who have sort of stronger executive functioning skills and impulse control is that they can wait until there is a space to talk. There are lots of children and young people who report very clearly having difficulties in this area, and the adults around them, so parents and teachers will often say the child interrupts a lot, intrudes onto others, kind of blurts out answers before the question has been finished, will kind of suddenly start talking about something that's not at all related to what everyone else is talking about.So these children really struggle to inhibit that impulse to respond to whatever is in their head, so that's usually coming out of their mouth, or it's a behavioural impulse. So they want to do something and they really find it very difficult to sort of stop themselves from doing that. Many adults will report this as an area of difficulty as well, however, probably less so than we see in children who haven't yet learned, and haven't got that sort of cognitive maturity, which means that there are some times when adults will desperately want to share the thoughts they're having, the ideas they're having, they will want to behave and act in a certain way. But it's not quite so highly impulsive, as we might see in it a younger child or, or an adult. And people who kind of reach assessment and diagnosis at a later point in their life will often remember themselves as being much more active, much more impulsive, and maybe to a lesser degree as they've got older.But certainly, impulse control is a very, very important executive function, because obviously, then we're able to stop ourselves from maybe shouting things out and blurting things out. We're able to stop ourselves from maybe acting on all of our urges, and our impulses. But certainly, people with ADHD find that much, much more challenging and they will often benefit from having people around them that might remind them not to do something, or might remind them when it's their turn to speak. So you sort of need the framework around somebody to help them with some of that impulse control. In the same way, emotional control is another kind of executive function where we might be able to regulate or moderate an emotional response to a situation, whereas again, children and adolescents find that their emotions are felt very, very strongly. They feel very overwhelming and they also feel like they go from sort of zero to 100 miles an hour very, very quickly.Certainly, adults report this too. But you might naturally see some of that sort of being less overwhelming. But actually many, many adults with ADHD will say they feel their emotions incredibly quickly and then can go from feeling calm to very heightened in a very short space of time, which can feel very anxiety-provoking depending on where you are, and what's going on around you and the suitability of that environment as to whether you can express some of those emotions or not. So certainly that impulse control, emotional control and inhibiting the desired response is certainly something that we tend to see happens more to people with ADHD. So challenges in this area have been more for people with ADHD.